@Joe 2:1-32. THE COMING JUDGMENT A MOTIVE TO REPENTANCE. PROMISE OF BLESSINGS IN THE LAST DAYS.
A more terrific judgment than that of the locusts is foretold, under imagery drawn from that of the calamity then engrossing the afflicted nation. He therefore exhorts to repentance, assuring the Jews of Jehovah's pity if they would repent. Promise of the Holy Spirit in the last days under Messiah, and the deliverance of all believers in Him.
1. Blow . . . trumpet--to sound an alarm of coming war (@Nu 10:1-10 Ho 5:8 Am 3:6); the office of the priests. @Joe 1:15 is an anticipation of the fuller prophecy in this chapter.
2. darkness . . . gloominess . . . clouds . . . thick darkness--accumulation of synonyms, to intensify the picture of calamity (@Isa 8:22). Appro
pr
iate here, as the swarms of locusts intercepting
the sunlight suggested darkness as a fit image of the coming
visitation.
as the morning spread upon the mountains: a great people--Substitute
a comma for a colon after mountains: As the morning light spreads itself
over the mountains, so a people numerous
[MAURER] and strong shall
spread themselves. The suddenness of the rising of the morning
light, which gilds the mountain tops first, is less probably thought by
others to be the point of comparison to the sudden inroad of the foe.
MAURER refers it to the yellow splendor which arises from the
reflection of the sunlight on the wings of the immense hosts of locusts
as they approach. This is likely; understanding, however, that the
locusts are only the symbols of human foes. The immense Assyrian host
of invaders under Sennacherib (compare @Isa 37:36) destroyed by God
(@Joe 2:18,20,21), may be the primary objects of the prophecy; but
ultimately the last antichristian confederacy, destroyed by special
divine interposition, is meant
(see on Joe 3:2).
there hath not been ever the like--(Compare @Joe 1:2 Ex 10:14).
3. before . . . behind--that is, on every side (@1Ch 19:10).
fire . . . flame--destruction . . . desolation (@Isa 10:17).
as . . . Eden . . . wilderness--conversely (@Isa 51:3 Eze 36:35).
4. appearance . . . of horses--(@Re 9:7). Not literal, but
figurative locusts. The fifth trumpet, or first woe, in the parallel
passage (@Re 9:1-11), cannot be literal: for in @Re 9:11 it is
said, "they had a king over them, the angel of the bottomless
pit"--in the Hebrew, Abaddon ("destroyer"), but in the
Greek, Apollyon--and (@Re 9:7) "on their heads were as it were
crowns like gold, and their faces were as the faces of men."
Compare @Joe 2:11, "the day of the Lord . . . great and very terrible";
implying their ultimate reference to be connected with Messiah's second
coming in judgment. The locust's head is so like that of a horse that
the Italians call it cavalette. Compare @Job 39:20, "the
horse . . . as the grasshopper," or locust.
run--The locust bounds, not unlike the horse's gallop, raising
and letting down together the two front feet.
5. Like the noise of chariots--referring to the loud sound caused by
their wings in motion, or else the movement of their hind legs.
on the tops of mountains--MAURER connects this with "they," that is,
the locusts, which first occupy the higher places, and thence descend to
the lower places. It may refer (as in English Version) to "chariots,"
which make most noise in crossing over rugged heights.
6. much pained--namely, with terror. The Arab proverb is, "More
terrible than the locusts."
faces shall gather blackness--(@Isa 13:8 Jer 30:6 Na 2:10).
MAURER
translates, "withdraw their brightness," that is, wax pale, lose color
(compare @Joe 2:10 Joe 3:15).
7-9. Depicting the regular military order of their advance, "One locust not turning a nail's breadth out of his own place in the march" [JEROME]. Compare @Pr 30:27, "The locusts have no king, yet go they forth all of them by bands."
8. Neither shall one thrust another--that is, press upon so as to
thrust his next neighbor out of his place, as usually occurs in a large
multitude.
when they fall upon the sword--that is, among missiles.
not be wounded--because they are protected by defensive armor
[GROTIUS].
MAURER translates, "Their (the locusts') ranks are
not broken when they rush among missiles" (compare @Da 11:22).
9. run to and fro in the city--greedily seeking what they can devour.
the wall--surrounding each house in Eastern buildings.
enter in at the windows--though barred.
like a thief--(@Joh 10:1; compare @Jer 9:21).
10. earth . . . quake before them--that is, the inhabitants of the
earth quake with fear of them.
heavens . . . tremble--that is, the powers of heaven (@Mt 24:29);
its illumining powers are disturbed by the locusts which intercept the
sunlight with their dense flying swarms. These, however, are but the
images of revolutions of states caused by such foes as were to invade
Judea.
11. Lord . . . his army--So among Mohammedans, "Lord of the locusts"
is a title of God.
his voice--His word of command to the locusts, and to the antitypical
human foes of Judea, as "His army."
strong that executeth his word--(@Re 18:8).
12. With such judgments impending over the Jews, Jehovah Himself urges
them to repentance.
also now--Even now, what none could have hoped or believed
possible, God still invites you to the hope of salvation.
fasting . . . weeping . . . mourning--Their sin being most heinous
needs extraordinary humiliation. The outward marks of repentance are to
signify the depth of their sorrow for sin.
13. Let there be the inward sorrow of heart, and not the mere outward
manifestation of it by "rending the garment" (@Jos 7:6).
the evil--the calamity which He had threatened against the impenitent.
14. leave . . . a meat offering and a drink offering--that is, give plentiful harvests, out of the first-fruits of which we may offer the meat and drink offering, now "cut off" through the famine (@Joe 1:9,13,16). "Leave behind Him": as God in visiting His people now has left behind Him a curse, so He will, on returning to visit them, leave behind Him a blessing.
15. Blow the trumpet--to convene the people (@Nu 10:3). Compare @Joe 1:14. The nation was guilty, and therefore there must be a national humiliation. Compare Hezekiah's proceedings before Sennacherib's invasion (@2Ch 30:1-27).
16. sanctify the congregation--namely, by expiatory rites and
purification with water [CALVIN], (@Ex 19:10,22).
MAURER translates,
"appoint a solemn assembly," which would be a tautological repetition of
@Joe 2:15.
elders . . . children--No age was to be excepted (@2Ch 20:13).
bridegroom--ordinarily exempted from public duties (@De 24:5;
compare @1Co 7:5,29).
closet--or, nuptial bed, from a Hebrew root "to cover," referring
to the canopy over it.
17. between the porch and . . . altar--the porch of Solomon's temple
on the east (@1Ki 6:3); the altar of burnt offerings in the court of
the priests, before the porch (@2Ch 8:12; compare
@Eze 8:16 Mt 23:35). The suppliants thus were to stand with their
backs to the altar on which they had nothing to offer, their faces
towards the place of the Shekinah presence.
heathen should rule over them--This shows that not locusts, but human
foes, are intended. The Margin translation, "use a byword against
them," is not supported by the Hebrew.
wherefore should they say . . . Where is their God?--that is, do not
for thine own honor's sake, let the heathen sneer at the God of Israel,
as unable to save His people (@Ps 79:10 115:2).
18. Then--when God sees His people penitent.
be jealous for his land--as a husband jealous of any dishonor done
to the wife whom he loves, as if done to himself. The Hebrew comes
from an Arabic root, "to be flushed in face" through indignation.
19. corn . . . wine . . . oil--rather, as Hebrew, "the corn . . . the wine . . . the oil," namely, which the locusts have destroyed [HENDERSON]. MAURER not so well explains, "the corn, &c., necessary for your sustenance." "The Lord will answer," namely, the prayers of His people, priests, and prophets. Compare in the case of Sennacherib, @2Ki 19:20,21.
20. the northern army--The Hebrew expresses that the north in relation to Palestine is not merely the quarter whence the invader
comes, but is his native land, "the Northlander"; namely, the Assyrian
or Babylonian (compare @Jer 1:14,15 Zep 2:13). The locust's native
country is not the north, but the south, the deserts of Arabia,
Egypt, and Libya. Assyria and Babylon are the type and forerunner of all
Israel's foes (Rome, and the final Antichrist), from whom God will at
last deliver His people, as He did from Sennacherib (@2Ki 19:35).
face . . . hinder part--more applicable to a human army's van and rear, than to locusts. The northern invaders are to be
dispersed in every other direction but that from which they had come: "a
land barren and desolate," that is, Arabia-Deserta: "the eastern (or front)
sea," that is, the Dead Sea: "the utmost (or hinder)
sea," that is, the Mediterranean. In front and behind mean east
and west; as, in marking the quarters of the world, they faced the
east, which was therefore "in front"; the west was behind them; the
south was on their right, and the north on their left.
stink--metaphor from locusts, which perish when blown by a storm
into the sea or the desert, and emit from their putrefying bodies such a
stench as often breeds a pestilence.
because he hath done great things--that is, because the invader hath
haughtily magnified himself in his doings. Compare as to
Sennacherib, @2Ki 19:11-13,22,28. This is quite inapplicable to the
locusts, who merely seek food, not self-glorification, in invading a
country.
21-23. In an ascending gradation, the land destroyed by the enemy,
the beasts of the field, and the children of Zion, the land's
inhabitants, are addressed, the former two by personification.
Lord will do great things--In contrast to the "great things" done by
the haughty foe (@Joe 2:20) to the hurt of Judah stand the "great
things" to be done by Jehovah for her benefit (compare @Ps 126:2,3).
22. (@Zec 8:12). As before (@Joe 1:18,20) he represented the beasts as groaning and crying for want of food in the "pastures," so now he reassures them by the promise of springing pastures.
23. rejoice in the Lord--not merely in the springing pastures, as the brute "beasts" which cannot raise their thoughts higher
(@Isa 61:10 Hab 3:18).
former rain . . . the rain . . . the former . . . the latter rain--The
autumnal, or "former rain," from the middle of October to the middle of
December, is put first, as Joel prophesies in summer when the locusts'
invasion took place, and therefore looks to the time of early sowing in
autumn, when the autumnal rain was indispensably required. Next, "the
rain," generically, literally, "the showering" or "heavy rain."
Next, the two species of the latter, "the former and the latter rain"
(in March and April). The repetition of the "former rain" implies that
He will give it not merely for the exigence of that particular season
when Joel spake, but also for the future in the regular course of
nature, the autumn and the spring rain; the former being put first, in
the order of nature, as being required for the sowing in autumn, as the
latter is required in spring for maturing the young crop. The Margin, "a teacher of righteousness," is wrong. For the same Hebrew word is
translated "former rain" in the next sentence, and cannot therefore be
differently translated here. Besides, Joel begins with the inferior and
temporal blessings, and not till @Joe 2:28 proceeds to the higher
and spiritual ones, of which the former are the pledge.
moderately--rather, "in due measure," as much as the land requires;
literally, "according to right"; neither too much nor too little, either
of which extremes would hurt the crop (compare
@De 11:14 Pr 16:15 Jer 5:24;
see on Ho 6:3). The phrase, "in due measure," in this clause
is parallel to "in the first month," in the last clause (that is,
"in the month when first it is needed," each rain in its proper
season). Heretofore the just or right order of nature has been
interrupted through your sin; now God will restore it.
See my Introduction to Joel.
24. The effect of the seasonable rains shall be abundance of all articles of food.
25. locust . . . cankerworm . . . caterpiller . . . palmer worm--the reverse order from @Joe 1:4, where (see on Joe 1:4) God will restore not only what has been lost by the full-grown consuming locust, but also what has been lost by the less destructive licking locust, and swarming locust, and gnawing locust.
26. never be ashamed--shall no longer endure the "reproach of the heathen (@Joe 2:17), [MAURER]; or rather, "shall not bear the shame of disappointed hopes," as the husbandmen had heretofore (@Joe 1:11). So spiritually, waiting on God, His people shall not have the shame of disappointment in their expectations from Him (@Ro 9:33).
27. know that I am in the midst of Israel--As in the Old Testament
dispensation God was present by the Shekinah, so in the New Testament
first, for a brief time by the Word made flesh dwelling among us
(@Joh 1:14), and to the close of this dispensation by the Holy Spirit
in the Church (@Mt 28:20), and probably in a more perceptible manner
with Israel when restored (@Eze 37:26-28).
never be ashamed--not an unmeaning repetition from @Joe 2:26. The
twice-asserted truth enforces its unfailing certainty. As the "shame" in
@Joe 2:26 refers to temporal blessings, so in this verse it refers
to the spiritual blessings flowing from the presence of God with His
people (compare @Jer 3:16,17 Re 21:3).
28. afterward--"in the last days" (@Isa 2:2) under Messiah
after the invasion and deliverance of Israel from the
northern army. Having heretofore stated the outward blessings, he
now raises their minds to the expectation of extraordinary spiritual
blessings, which constitute the true restoration of God's people
(@Isa 44:3). Fulfilled in earnest (@Ac 2:17) on Pentecost; among
the Jews and the subsequent election of a people among the Gentiles;
hereafter more fully at the restoration of Israel
(@Isa 54:13 Jer 31:9,34 Eze 39:29 Zec 12:10) and the consequent
conversion of the whole world
(@Isa 2:2 11:9 66:18-23 Mic 5:7 Ro 11:12,15). As the Jews have been
the seedmen of the elect Church gathered out of Jews and Gentiles, the
first Gospel preachers being Jews from Jerusalem, so they shall be the
harvest men of the coming world-wide Church, to be set up at Messiah's
appearing. That the promise is not restricted to the first Pentecost
appears from Peter's own words: "The promise is (not only) unto you and
to your children, (but also) to all that are afar off (both in space
and in time), even as many as the Lord our God shall call" (@Ac 2:39).
So here "upon all flesh."
I will pour out--under the new covenant: not merely,
let fall drops, as under the Old Testament (@Joh 7:39).
my spirit--the Spirit "proceeding from the Father and the Son," and
at the same time one with the Father and the Son (compare @Isa 11:2).
sons . . . daughters . . . old . . . young--not merely on a privileged
few (@Nu 11:29) as the prophets of the Old Testament, but men of all
ages and ranks. See @Ac 21:9 1Co 11:5, as to "daughters," that is,
women, prophesying.
dreams . . . visions--(@Ac 9:10 16:9). The "dreams" are attributed
to the "old men," as more in accordance with their years; "visions" to
the "young men," as adapted to their more lively minds. The three modes
whereby God revealed His will under the Old Testament (@Nu 12:6),
"prophecy, dreams, and visions," are here made the symbol of the full
manifestation of Himself to all His people, not only in miraculous gifts
to some, but by His indwelling Spirit to all in the New Testament
(@Joh 14:21,23 15:15). In @Ac 16:9 18:9, the term used is "vision,"
though in the night, not a dream. No other dream is mentioned in the
New Testament save those given to Joseph in the very beginning of the
New Testament, before the full Gospel had come; and to the wife of
Pilate, a Gentile (@Mt 1:20 2:13 27:19). "Prophesying" in the
New Testament is applied to all speaking under the enlightenment of the
Holy Spirit, and not merely to foretelling events. All true Christians
are "priests" and "ministers" of our God (@Isa 61:6), and have the
Spirit (@Eze 36:26,27). Besides this, probably, a special gift of
prophecy and miracle-working is to be given at or before Messiah's
coming again.
29. And also--"And even." The very slaves by becoming the Lord's servants are His freemen (@1Co 7:22 Ga 3:28 Col 3:11 Phm 1:16). Therefore, in @Ac 2:18 it is quoted, "My servants" and "My handmaidens"; as it is only by becoming the Lord's servants they are spiritually free, and partake of the same spirit as the other members of the Church.
30, 31. As Messiah's manifestation is full of joy to believers, so it has an aspect of wrath to unbelievers, which is represented here. Thus when the Jews received Him not in His coming of grace, He came in judgment on Jerusalem. Physical prodigies, massacres, and conflagrations preceded its destruction [JOSEPHUS, Wars of the Jews]. To these the language here may allude; but the figures chiefly symbolize political revolutions and changes in the ruling powers of the world, prognosticated by previous disasters (@Am 8:9 Mt 24:29 Lu 21:25-27), and convulsions such as preceded the overthrow of the Jewish polity. Such shall probably occur in a more appalling degree before the final destruction of the ungodly world ("the great and terrible day of Jehovah," compare @Mal 4:5), of which Jerusalem's overthrow is the type and earnest.
32. call on . . . name of . . . Lord--Hebrew,
JEHOVAH. Applied
to Jesus in @Ro 10:13 (compare @Ac 9:14 1Co 1:2). Therefore,
Jesus is JEHOVAH; and the phrase means, "Call on Messiah in His divine
attributes."
shall be delivered--as the Christians were, just before Jerusalem's
destruction, by retiring to Pella, warned by the Saviour (@Mt 24:16);
a type of the spiritual deliverance of all believers, and of the last
deliverance of the elect "remnant" of Israel from the final assault of
Antichrist. "In Zion and Jerusalem" the Saviour first appeared; and
there again shall He appear as the Deliverer (@Zec 14:1-5).
as the Lord hath said--Joel herein refers, not to the other prophets,
but to his own words preceding.
call--metaphor from an invitation to a feast, which is an act of
gratuitous kindness (@Lu 14:16). So the remnant called and saved is
according to the election of grace, not for man's merits, power, or
efforts (@Ro 11:5).