@Isa 23:1-18. PROPHECY RESPECTING TYRE.
MENANDER, the historian, notices a siege of Tyre by Shalmaneser, about the time of the siege of Samaria. Sidon, Acco, and Old Tyre, on the mainland, were soon reduced; but New Tyre, on an island half a mile from the shore, held out for five years. Sargon probably finished the siege. Sennacherib does not, however, mention it among the cities which the Assyrian kings conquered (thirty-sixth and thirty-seventh chapters). The expression, "Chaldeans" (@Isa 23:13), may imply reference to its siege under Nebuchadnezzar, which lasted thirteen years. Alexander the Great destroyed New Tyre after a seven months' siege.
1. Tyre--Hebrew, Tsur, that is, "Rock."
ships of Tarshish--ships of Tyre returning from their voyage to
Tarshish, or Tartessus in Spain, with which the Phoenicians had much
commerce (@Eze 27:12-25). "Ships of Tarshish" is a phrase also used
of large and distant-voyaging merchant vessels
(@Isa 2:16 1Ki 10:22 Ps 48:7).
no house--namely, left; such was the case as to Old Tyre, after
Nebuchadnezzar's siege.
no entering--There is no house to enter (@Isa 24:10)
[G. V. SMITH].
Or, Tyre is so laid waste, that there is no possibility
of entering the harbor
[BARNES]; which is appropriate to the
previous "ships."
Chittim--Cyprus, of which the cities, including Citium in the
south (whence came "Chittim"), were mostly Phoenician (@Eze 27:6). The
ships from Tarshish on their way to Tyre learn the tidings ("it is
revealed to them") of the downfall of Tyre. At a later period Chittim
denoted the islands and coasts of the Mediterranean (@Da 11:30).
2. Be still--"struck dumb with awe." Addressed to those already in
the country, eye-witnesses of its ruin (@La 2:10); or, in contrast to
the busy din of commerce once heard in Tyre; now all is hushed and
still.
isle--strictly applicable to New Tyre: in the sense coast, to the
mainland city, Old Tyre (compare @Isa 23:6 Isa 20:6).
Zidon--of which Tyre was a colony, planted when Zidon was conquered
by the Philistines of Ascalon. Zidon means a "fishing station"; this
was its beginning.
replenished--with wealth and an industrious population
(@Eze 27:3,8,23). Here "Zidon," as the oldest city of Phoenicia,
includes all the Phoenician towns on the strip of "coast." Thus,
Eth-baal, king of Tyre [JOSEPHUS,
Antiquities, 8.3,2], is called king
of the Sidonians (@1Ki 16:31); and on coins Tyre is called the
metropolis of the Sidonians.
3. great waters--the wide waters of the sea.
seed--"grain," or crop, as in @1Sa 8:15 Job 39:12.
Sihor--literally, "dark-colored"; applied to the Nile, as the Egyptian
Jeor, and the Greek Melas, to express the "dark, turbid" colors
given to its waters by the fertilizing soil which it deposits at its
yearly overflow (@Jer 2:18).
harvest of the river--the growth of the Delta; the produce due to
the overflow of the Nile: Egypt was the great granary of corn in the
ancient world (@Ge 41:1-57 42:1-38 43:1-34).
her revenue--Tyrian vessels carried Egyptian produce obtained in
exchange for wine, oil, glass, &c., into various lands, and so made
large profits.
mart--(@Eze 27:3). No city was more favorably situated for
commerce.
4. Zidon--called on, as being the parent country of Tyre (@Isa 23:12), and here equivalent to Phoenicia in general, to feel the shame (as it was esteemed in the East) of being now as childless as if she never had any. "I (no more now) travail, nor bring forth," &c. "Strength of the sea," that is, stronghold, namely, New Tyre, on a rock (as "Tyre" means) surrounded by the sea (@Eze 26:4,14-17; so Venice was called "Bride of the sea"; @Zec 9:3).
5. As, &c.--rather, "When the report (shall reach) the people of Egypt, they shall be sorely pained at the report concerning Tyre" (namely, its overthrow). So JEROME, "When the Egyptians shall hear that so powerful a neighboring nation has been destroyed, they must know their own end is near" [LOWTH, &c.].
6. Pass . . . over--Escape from Tyre to your colonies as Tarshish (compare @Isa 23:12). The Tyrians fled to Carthage and elsewhere, both at the siege under Nebuchadnezzar and that under Alexander.
7. Is this silent ruin all that is left of your once
joyous city (@Isa 23:12)?
antiquity--The Tyrian priests boasted in
HERODOTUS' time that their
city had already existed 2300 years: an exaggeration, but still implying
that it was ancient even then.
her own feet--walking on foot as captives to an enemy's land.
8. Who--answered in @Isa 23:9, "The Lord of hosts."
crowning--crown-giving; that is, the city from which dependent kingdoms
had arisen, as Tartessus in Spain, Citium in Cyprus, and Carthage in
Africa (@Eze 27:33).
traffickers--literally, "Canaanites," who were famed for commerce
(compare @Ho 12:7, Margin).
9. Whoever be the instruments in overthrowing haughty sinners, God,
who has all hosts at His command, is the First Cause (@Isa 10:5-7).
stain--rather, "to profane"; as in @Ex 31:14, the Sabbath, and other objects of religious reverence; so here, "the pride of all
glory" may refer to the Tyrian temple of Hercules, the oldest in the
world, according to ARRIAN
(@Isa 2:16); the prophet of the true God
would naturally single out for notice the idol of Tyre
[G. V. SMITH]. It
may, however, be a general proposition; the destruction of Tyre will
exhibit to all how God mars the luster of whatever is haughty
(@Isa 2:11).
10. a river--Hebrew, "the river," namely, Nile.
daughter of Tarshish--Tyre and its inhabitants (@Isa 1:8), about
henceforth, owing to the ruin of Tyre, to become inhabitants of its
colony, Tartessus: they would pour forth from Tyre, as waters flow
on when the barriers are removed
[LOWTH]. Rather, Tarshish, or Tartessus
and its inhabitants, as the phrase usually means: they had been kept in
hard bondage, working in silver and lead mines near Tarshish, by the
parent city (@Eze 26:17): but now "the bond of restraint"
(for so "strength," Margin, "girdle," that is, bond,
@Ps 2:3, ought to be translated) is removed, since Tyre is no
more.
11. He--Jehovah.
kingdoms--the Phoenician cities and colonies.
the merchant city--rather, Canaan, meaning the north of it, namely,
Phoenicia. On their coins, they call their country Canaan.
12. he--God.
rejoice--riotously (@Isa 23:7).
oppressed--"deflowered"; laying aside the figure "taken by storm";
the Arabs compare a city never taken to an undefiled virgin (compare
@Na 3:5, &c.).
daughter of Zidon--Tyre: or else, sons of Zidon, that is, the whole
land and people of Phoenicia (see on Isa 23:2)
[MAURER].
Chittim--Citium in Cyprus (@Isa 23:1).
there also . . . no rest--Thy colonies, having been harshly treated
by thee, will now repay thee in kind (see on Isa 23:10). But
VITRINGA
refers it to the calamities which befell the Tyrians in their
settlements subsequently, namely, Sicily, Corcyra, Carthage, and Spain,
all flowing from the original curse of Noah against the posterity of
Canaan (@Ge 9:25-27).
13. Behold--Calling attention to the fact, so humiliating to Tyre,
that a people of yesterday, like the Chaldees, should destroy the most
ancient of cities, Tyre.
was not--had no existence as a recognized nation; the Chaldees were
previously but a rude, predatory people (@Job 1:17).
Assyrian founded it--The Chaldees ("them that dwell in the wilderness")
lived a nomadic life in the mountains of Armenia originally (Arphaxad,
in @Ge 10:22, refers to such a region of Assyria near Armenia), north
and east of Assyria proper. Some may have settled in Mesopotamia and
Babylonia very early and given origin to the astrologers called
Chaldees in later times. But most of the people had been transferred
only a little before the time of this prophecy from their original seats
in the north to Mesopotamia, and soon afterwards to South Babylonia.
"Founded it," means "assigned it (the land) to them who had
(heretofore) dwelt in the wilderness" as a permanent settlement
(so in @Ps 104:8) [MAURER].
It was the Assyrian policy to infuse into their
own population of the plain the fresh blood of hardy mountaineers, for
the sake of recruiting their armies. Ultimately the Chaldees, by their
powerful priest-caste, gained the supremacy and established the later or
Chaldean empire. HORSLEY
refers it to Tyre, founded by an Assyrian race.
towers thereof--namely, of Babylon, whose towers,
HERODOTUS says, were
"set up" by the Assyrians
[BARNES]. Rather, "The Chaldees set up
their siege-towers" against Tyre, made for the attack of high walls,
from which the besiegers hurled missiles, as depicted in the Assyrian
sculptures [G. V. SMITH].
raised up--rather, "They lay bare," namely, the foundations of "her
(Tyre's) palaces," that is, utterly overthrew them (@Ps 137:7).
14. strength--stronghold (compare @Eze 26:15-18).
15. forgotten--Having lost its former renown, Tyre shall be in
obscurity.
seventy years--(so @Jer 25:11,12 29:10).
days of one king--that is, a dynasty. The Babylonian monarchy lasted
properly but seventy years. From the first year of Nebuchadnezzar to the
taking of Babylon, by Cyrus, was seventy years; then the subjected
nations would be restored to liberty. Tyre was taken in the middle of
that period, but it is classed in common with the rest, some conquered
sooner and others later, all, however, alike to be delivered at the end
of the period. So "king" is used for dynasty (@Da 7:17 8:20):
Nebuchadnezzar, his son Evil-merodach, and his grandson, Belshazzar,
formed the whole dynasty (@Jer 25:11,12 27:7 29:10).
shall Tyre sing as . . . harlot--It shall be to Tyre as the song of
the harlot, namely, a harlot that has been forgotten, but who attracts
notice again by her song. Large marts of commerce are often compared to
harlots seeking many lovers, that is, they court merchants of all
nations, and admit any one for the sake of gain (@Na 3:4 Re 18:3).
Covetousness is closely akin to idolatry and licentiousness, as the
connection (@Eph 5:5 Col 3:5) proves (compare @Isa 2:6-8,16).
16. Same figure (@Isa 23:15) to express that Tyre would again prosper and attract commercial intercourse of nations to her, and be the same joyous, self-indulging city as before.
17. visit--not in wrath, but mercy.
hire--image from a harlot: her gains by commerce. After the
Babylonian dynasty was ended, Tyre was rebuilt; also, again, after the
destruction under Alexander.
18. merchandise . . . holiness--Her traffic and gains shall at last
(long after the restoration mentioned in @Isa 23:17) be consecrated
to Jehovah. Jesus Christ visited the neighborhood of Tyre (@Mt 15:21);
Paul found disciples there (@Ac 21:3-6); it early became a Christian
bishopric, but the full evangelization of that whole race, as of the
Ethiopians (@Isa 18:1-7), of the Egyptians and Assyrians
(@Isa 19:1-25), is yet to come (@Isa 60:5).
not treasured--but freely expended in His service.
them that dwell before the Lord--the ministers of religion. But
HORSLEY
translates, "them that sit before Jehovah" as disciples.
durable clothing--Changes of raiment constituted much of the wealth of
former days.