Carpenter - an artificer in stone, iron, and copper, as well as in wood (2 Sam. 5:11; 1 Chr. 14:1; Mark 6:3). The tools used by carpenters are mentioned in 1 Sam. 13:19,1 Sam. 13:20; Judg. 4:21; Isa. 10:15; Isa 44:13. It was said of our Lord, "Is not this the carpenter's son?" ( Matt. 13:55); also, "Is not this the carpenter?" ( Mark 6:3). Every Jew, even the rabbis, learned some handicraft: Paul was a tentmaker. "In the cities the carpenters would be Greeks, and skilled workmen; the carpenter of a provincial village could only have held a very humble position, and secured a very moderate competence."

Carriage - In the Authorized Version this word is found as the rendering of many different words. In Judg. 18:21 it means valuables, wealth, or booty. In Isa. 46:1 (R.V., "the things that ye carried about") the word means a load for a beast of burden. In 1 Sam. 17:22 and Isa. 10:28 it is the rendering of a word ("stuff" in 1 Sam. 10:22) meaning implements, equipments, baggage. The phrase in Acts 21:15, "We took up our carriages," means properly, "We packed up our baggage," as in the Revised Version.

Cart - a vehicle moving on wheels, and usually drawn by oxen (2 Sam. 6:3). The Hebrew word thus rendered, 'agalah (1 Sam. 6:7,1 Sam. 6:8), is also rendered "wagon" ( Gen. 45:19). It is used also to denote a war-chariot ( Ps. 46:9). Carts were used for the removal of the ark and its sacred utensils ( Num. 7:3,Num. 7:6). After retaining the ark amongst them for seven months, the Philistines sent it back to the Israelites. On this occasion they set it in a new cart, probably a rude construction, with solid wooden wheels like that still used in Western Asia, which was drawn by two milch cows, which conveyed it straight to Beth-shemesh.

A "cart rope," for the purpose of fastening loads on carts, is used ( Isa. 5:18) as a symbol of the power of sinful pleasures or habits over him who indulges them. (See CORD.) In Syria and Palestine wheel-carriages for any other purpose than the conveyance of agricultural produce are almost unknown.

Carve - The arts of engraving and carving were much practised among the Jews. They were practised in connection with the construction of the tabernacle and the temple ( Ex. 31:2,Ex. 31:5;Ex 35:33; 1 Kings 6:18,1 Kings 6:35; Ps. 74:6), as well as in the ornamentation of the priestly dresses ( Ex. 28:9-36; Zech. 3:9; 2 Chr. 2:7,2 Chr. 2:14). Isaiah 2 Chr 44:13-17) gives a minute description of the process of carving idols of wood.

Casement - a barrier of open-work placed before windows ( Prov. 7:6). In Judg. 5:28 the Hebrew word is rendered "lattice," in the LXX. "network," an opening through which cool air is admitted.

Casiphia - silver, a place between Babylon and Jerusalem, where Iddo resided ( Ezra 8:17); otherwise unknown.

Casluhim - fortified, a people descended from Mizraim ( Gen. 10:14; 1 Chr. 1:12). Their original seat was probably somewhere in Lower Egypt, along the sea-coast to the south border of Palestine.

Cassia - (1.) Hebrew kiddah', i.e., "split." One of the principal spices of the holy anointing oil ( Ex. 30:24), and an article of commerce ( Ezek. 27:19). It is the inner bark of a tree resembling the cinnamon (q.v.), the Cinnamomum cassia of botanists, and was probably imported from India.

(2.) Hebrew pl. ketzi'oth ( Ps. 45:8). Mentioned in connection with myrrh and aloes as being used to scent garments. It was probably prepared from the peeled bark, as the Hebrew word suggests, of some kind of cinnamon.

Castaway - Gr. adokimos, (1 Cor. 9:27), one regarded as unworthy (R.V., "rejected"); elsewhere rendered "reprobate" (2 Tim. 3:8, etc.); "rejected" ( Heb. 6:8, etc.).

Castle - a military fortress (1 Chr. 11:7), also probably a kind of tower used by the priests for making known anything discovered at a distance (1 Chr. 6:54). Castles are also mentioned ( Gen. 25:16) as a kind of watch-tower, from which shepherds kept watch over their flocks by night. The "castle" into which the chief captain commanded Paul to be brought was the quarters of the Roman soldiers in the fortress of Antonia (so called by Herod after his patron Mark Antony), which was close to the north-west corner of the temple ( Acts 21:34), which it commanded.

Castor and Pollux - the "Dioscuri", two heroes of Greek and Roman mythology. Their figures were probably painted or sculptured on the prow of the ship which Luke refers to ( Acts 28:11). They were regarded as the tutelary divinities of sailors. They appeared in the heavens as the constellation Gemini.

Caterpillar - the consumer. Used in the Old Testament (1 Kings 8:37; 2 Chr. 6:28; Ps. 78:46; Isa. 33:4) as the translation of a word (hasil) the root of which means "to devour" or "consume," and which is used also with reference to the locust in Deut. 28:38. It may have been a species of locust, or the name of one of the transformations through which the locust passes, locust-grub. It is also found ( Ps. 105:34; Jer. 51:14, Jer. 51:27; R.V., "cankerworm") as the rendering of a different Hebrew word, yelek, a word elsewhere rendered "cankerworm" (q.v.), Joel 1:4; Joel 2:25. (See LOCUST.)

Catholic epistles - the epistles of James, Peter, John, and Jude; so called because they are addressed to Christians in general, and not to any church or person in particular.

Cattle - abounded in the Holy Land. To the rearing and management of them the inhabitants chiefly devoted themselves ( Deut. 8:13;Deut 12:21; 1 Sam. 11:5;1 Sam 12:3; Ps. 144:14; Jer. 3:24). They may be classified as,

(1.) Neat cattle. Many hundreds of these were yearly consumed in sacrifices or used for food. The finest herds were found in Bashan, beyond Jordan ( Num. 32:4). Large herds also pastured on the wide fertile plains of Sharon. They were yoked to the plough (1 Kings 19:19), and were employed for carrying burdens (1 Chr. 12:40). They were driven with a pointed rod ( Judg. 3:31) or goad (q.v.).

According to the Mosaic law, the mouths of cattle employed for the threshing-floor were not to be muzzled, so as to prevent them from eating of the provender over which they trampled ( Deut. 25:4). Whosoever stole and sold or slaughtered an ox must give five in satisfaction ( Ex. 22:1); but if it was found alive in the possession of him who stole it, he was required to make double restitution only ( Ex 22:4). If an ox went astray, whoever found it was required to bring it back to its owner ( Ex 23:4; Deut. 22:1, Deut. 22:4). An ox and an ass could not be yoked together in the plough ( Deut. 22:10).

(2.) Small cattle. Next to herds of neat cattle, sheep formed the most important of the possessions of the inhabitants of Palestine ( Gen. 12:16;Gen 13:5;Gen 26:14;Gen 21:27;Gen 29:2,Gen. 12:3). They are frequently mentioned among the booty taken in war ( Num. 31:32; Josh. 6:21; 1 Sam. 14:32;1 Sam 15:3). There were many who were owners of large flocks (1 Sam. 25:2; 2 Sam. 12:2, comp. Job 1:3). Kings also had shepherds "over their flocks" (1 Chr. 27:31), from which they derived a large portion of their revenue (2 Sam. 17:29; 1 Chr. 12:40). The districts most famous for their flocks of sheep were the plain of Sharon (Isa. 65: 10), Mount Carmel (Micah 7:14), Bashan and Gilead (Micah 7:14). In patriarchal times the flocks of sheep were sometimes tended by the daughters of the owners. Thus Rachel, the daughter of Laban, kept her father's sheep (Gen. 29:9); as also Zipporah and her six sisters had charge of their father Jethro's flocks (Ex. 2:16). Sometimes they were kept by hired shepherds (John 10:12), and sometimes by the sons of the family (1 Sam. 16:11; 17:15). The keepers so familiarized their sheep with their voices that they knew them, and followed them at their call. Sheep, but more especially rams and lambs, were frequently offered in sacrifice. The shearing of sheep was a great festive occasion (1 Sam. 25:4; 2 Sam. 13:23). They were folded at night, and guarded by their keepers against the attacks of the lion (Micah 5:8), the bear (1 Sam. 17:34), and the wolf (Matt. 10:16; John 10:12). They were liable to wander over the wide pastures and go astray (Ps. 119:176; Isa. 53:6; Hos. 4:16; Matt. 18:12).

Goats also formed a part of the pastoral wealth of Palestine ( Gen. 15:9;Gen 32:14;Gen 37:31). They were used both for sacrifice and for food ( Deut. 14:4), especially the young males ( Gen. 27:9,Gen. 27:14,Gen. 27:17; Judg. 6:19; Judg 13:15; 1 Sam. 16:20). Goat's hair was used for making tent cloth ( Ex. 26:7;Ex 36:14), and for mattresses and bedding (1 Sam. 19:13,1 Sam. 19:16). (See GOAT.)

Caul - (Heb. yothe'reth; i.e., "something redundant"), the membrane which covers the upper part of the liver ( Ex. 29:13,Ex. 29:22; Lev. 3:4, Lev. 3:10, Lev. 3:15; Lev 4:9; Lev 7:4; marg., "midriff"). In Hos. 13:8 (Heb. seghor; i.e., "an enclosure") the pericardium, or parts about the heart, is meant.

Cauls - In Isa. 3:18 this word (Heb. shebisim), in the marg. "networks," denotes network caps to contain the hair, worn by females. Others explain it as meaning "wreaths worn round the forehead, reaching from one ear to the other."

Causeway - a raised way, an ascent by steps, or a raised slope between Zion and the temple (1 Chr. 26:16,1 Chr. 26:18). In 2 Chr. 9:11 the same word is translated "terrace."

Cave - There are numerous natural caves among the limestone rocks of Syria, many of which have been artificially enlarged for various purposes.

The first notice of a cave occurs in the history of Lot ( Gen. 19:30).

The next we read of is the cave of Machpelah (q.v.), which Abraham purchased from the sons of Heth ( Gen. 25:9,Gen. 25:10). It was the burying-place of Sarah and of Abraham himself, also of Isaac, Rebekah, Leah, and Jacob ( Gen. 49:31;Gen 50:13).

The cave of Makkedah, into which the five Amorite kings retired after their defeat by Joshua ( Gen 10:16,Gen 10:27).

The cave of Adullam (q.v.), an immense natural cavern, where David hid himself from Saul (1 Sam. 22:1,1 Sam. 22:2).

The cave of Engedi (q.v.), now called 'Ain Jidy, i.e., the "Fountain of the Kid", where David cut off the skirt of Saul's robe 1 Sam 24:4). Here he also found a shelter for himself and his followers to the number of 600 1 Sam 23:29;1 Sam 24:1). "On all sides the country is full of caverns which might serve as lurking-places for David and his men, as they do for outlaws at the present day."

The cave in which Obadiah hid the prophets (1 Kings 18:4) was probably in the north, but it cannot be identified.

The cave of Elijah (1 Kings 19:9), and the "cleft" of Moses on Horeb ( Ex. 33:22), cannot be determined.

In the time of Gideon the Israelites took refuge from the Midianites in dens and caves, such as abounded in the mountain regions of Manasseh ( Judg. 6:2).

Caves were frequently used as dwelling-places ( Num. 24:21; Cant. 2:14; Jer. 49:16; Obad. 1:3). "The excavations at Deir Dubban, on the south side of the wady leading to Santa Hanneh, are probably the dwellings of the Horites," the ancient inhabitants of Idumea Proper. The pits or cavities in rocks were also sometimes used as prisons ( Isa. 24:22;Isa 51:14; Zech. 9:11). Those which had niches in their sides were occupied as burying-places ( Ezek. 32:23; John 11:38).

Cedar - (Heb. e'rez, Gr. kedros, Lat. cedrus), a tree very frequently mentioned in Scripture. It was stately ( Ezek. 31:3-5), long-branched ( Ps. 80:10;Ps 92:12; Ezek. 31:6-9), odoriferous ( Cant. 4:11; Hos. 14:6), durable, and therefore much used for boards, pillars, and ceilings (1 Kings 6:9,1 Kings 6:10;1 Kings 7:2; Jer. 22:14), for masts ( Ezek. 27:5), and for carved images ( Isa. 44:14).

It grew very abundantly in Palestine, and particularly on Lebanon, of which it was "the glory" ( Isa. 35:2;Isa 60:13). Hiram supplied Solomon with cedar trees from Lebanon for various purposes connected with the construction of the temple and the king's palace (2 Sam. 5:11;2 Sam 7:2,2 Sam. 5:7; 1 Kings 5:6,1 Kings 5:8,1 Kings 5:10;1 Kings 6:9,1 Kings 5:10,1 Kings 5:15,1 Kings 5:16,1 Kings 5:18,1 Kings 5:20;1 Kings 7:2,1 Kings 5:3,1 Kings 5:7,1 Kings 5:11,1 Kings 5:12;1 Kings 9:11, etc.). Cedars were used also in the building of the second temple under Zerubbabel ( Ezra 3:7).

Of the ancient cedars of Lebanon there remain now only some seven or eight. They are not standing together. But beside them there are found between three hundred and four hundred of younger growth. They stand in an amphitheatre fronting the west, about 6,400 feet above the level of the sea.

The cedar is often figuratively alluded to in the sacred Scriptures. "The mighty conquerors of olden days, the despots of Assyria and the Pharaohs of Egypt, the proud and idolatrous monarchs of Judah, the Hebrew commonwealth itself, the war-like Ammonites of patriarchal times, and the moral majesty of the Messianic age, are all compared to the towering cedar, in its royal loftiness and supremacy ( Isa. 2:13; Ezek. 17:3, Ezek. 17:22, Ezek. 17:23, Ezek. 17:31:3-9; Amos 2:9; Zech. 11:1, Zech. 11:2; Job 40:17; Ps. 29:5; Ps 80:10; Ps 92:12, etc).", Groser's Scrip. Nat. Hist. (See BOX-TREE .)

Cedron - the black torrent, the brook flowing through he ravine below the eastern wall of Jerusalem ( John 18:1). (See KIDRON.)

Ceiling - the covering (1 Kings 7:3,1 Kings 7:7) of the inside roof and walls of a house with planks of wood (2 Chr. 3:5; Jer. 22:14). Ceilings were sometimes adorned with various ornaments in stucco, gold, silver, gems, and ivory. The ceilings of the temple and of Solomon's palace are described 1 Kings 6:9,1 Kings 6:15;1 Kings 7:3; 2 Chr. 3:5,2 Chr. 3:9.

Cellar - a subterranean vault (1 Chr. 27:28), a storehouse. The word is also used to denote the treasury of the temple (1 Kings 7:51) and of the king 1 Kings 14:26). The Hebrew word is rendered "garner" in Joel 1:17, and "armoury" in Jer. 50:25.

Cenchrea - millet, the eastern harbour of Corinth, from which it was distant about 9 miles east, and the outlet for its trade with the Asiatic shores of the Mediterranean. When Paul returned from his second missionary journey to Syria, he sailed from this port ( Acts 18:18). In Rom. 16:1 he speaks as if there were at the time of his writing that epistle an organized church there. The western harbour of Corinth was Lechaeum, about a mile and a half from the city. It was the channel of its trade with Italy and the west.

Censer - the vessel in which incense was presented on "the golden altar" before the Lord in the temple ( Ex. 30:1-9). The priest filled the censer with live coal from the sacred fire on the altar of burnt-offering, and having carried it into the sanctuary, there threw upon the burning coals the sweet incense ( Lev. 16:12,Lev. 16:13), which sent up a cloud of smoke, filling the apartment with fragrance. The censers in daily use were of brass ( Num. 16:39), and were designated by a different Hebrew name, miktereth (2 Chr. 26:19; Ezek. 8:11): while those used on the day of Atonement were of gold, and were denoted by a word (mahtah) meaning "something to take fire with;" LXX. pureion = a fire-pan. Solomon prepared for the temple censers of pure gold (1 Kings 7:50; 2 Chr. 4:22). The angel in the Apocalypse is represented with a golden censer (Rev. 8:3, 5). Paul speaks of the golden censer as belonging to the tabernacle (Heb. 9:4). The Greek word thumiaterion, here rendered "censer," may more appropriately denote, as in the margin of Revised Version, "the altar of incense." Paul does not here say that the thumiaterion was in the holiest, for it was in the holy place, but that the holiest had it, i.e., that it belonged to the holiest (1 Kings 6:22). It was intimately connected with the high priest's service in the holiest.

The manner in which the censer is to be used is described in Num. 4:14; Lev. 16:12.